← Nyaya-Vaisheshika
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Vaisheshika Concepts
7 Padarthas, 9 Dravyas, Paramanu atomism — Kanada's systematic ontology of ultimate reality
The 7 Padarthas — Ultimate Categories of Reality
1.
Dravya (द्रव्य)
Substance — 9 types including earth, water, fire, air, ether, time, space, self, mind
2.
Guna (गुण)
Quality — 24 types including colour, taste, smell, touch, number, size
3.
Karma (कर्म)
Action/Motion — 5 types: upward, downward, contraction, expansion, locomotion
4.
Samanya (सामान्य)
Universality — genus concepts like "cowness" (gotva)
5.
Vishesha (विशेष)
Particularity — ultimate differentiator of eternal substances
6.
Samavaya (समवाय)
Inherence — inseparable relation, e.g. cloth-thread, whole-part
7.
Abhava (अभाव)
Absence — non-existence as a positive ontological category; 4 types
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